Effectiveness of mirror therapy in phantom limb pain: a literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a type of neuropathic pain that affects the territory of an amputated limb or other surgically removed body parts. Between 60% and 90% of amputees suffer from PLP during follow-up. There are a range of therapeutic options for PLP, both pharmacological (gabapentin, amitriptyline, tricyclic antidepressants, etc) and non-pharmacological (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, hypnosis, acupuncture, etc). A widely accepted hypothesis considers PLP to be the consequence of postamputation cortical reorganisation. New treatment approaches, such as mirror therapy (MT), have been developed as a result of Ramachandran's groundbreaking research in the 1990s. This review analyses the current evidence on the efficacy of MT for treating PLP. DEVELOPMENT: We performed a literature review of publications registered from 2012 to 2017 on the CINAHL, Cochrane, Scopus, and PubMed (including Medline) databases using the descriptors "phantom limb" and "mirror therapy." We identified 115 publications addressing MT in PLP. Of these, 17 (15%) contributed useful information for pooled analysis. CONCLUSIONS: MT seems to be effective in relieving PLP, reducing the intensity and duration of daily pain episodes. It is a valid, simple, and inexpensive treatment for PLP. The methodological quality of most publications in this field is very limited, highlighting the need for additional, high-quality studies to develop clinical protocols that could maximise the benefits of MT for patients with PLP.

Efectividad de la terapia de espejo en el dolor del miembro fantasma. Una revisión actual de la literatura / Effectiveness of mirror therapy in phantom limb pain: A literature review

Introducción: El dolor del miembro fantasma (DMF) es un dolor de tipo neuropático que afecta al territorio de una extremidad amputada o a otras partes del cuerpo extirpadas quirúrgicamente. El 60-90% de los amputados sufren DMF durante el seguimiento. Se han descrito opciones terapéuticas para DMF, farmacológicas (gabapentina, amitriptilina, antidepresivos tricíclicos...) y no farmacológicas (TENS, hipnosis, acupuntura...). Una hipótesis predominante considera este fenómeno consecuencia de la reorganización cortical postamputación, y, tras investigaciones innovadoras de Ramachandran en los 90, se han desarrollado nuevos enfoques de tratamiento como la terapia de espejo (TE). En la presente revisión se analiza la evidencia actual publicada sobre la eficacia de la TE para el tratamiento del DMF.DesarrolloSe realizó una revisión bibliográfica, abarcando desde 2012 a 2017, de publicaciones registradas en las bases de datos Cinahl, Cochrane, Scopus y Pubmed (incluyendo Medline). Los descriptores utilizados para la búsqueda fueron los términos Phantom Limb y Mirror Therapy. Se identificaron 115 publicaciones que abordaban TE en DMF. De estas, 17 (15%) aportaban información útil para el análisis conjunto.ConclusionesLa TE parece ser efectiva en el alivio del DMF, reduciendo la intensidad y duración de los episodios de dolor diarios. Por otra parte, constituye un método válido, sencillo y muy económico. La calidad metodológica de la mayoría de las publicaciones en este campo es muy limitada, destacando la necesidad de estudios adicionales de alta calidad para desarrollar protocolos clínicos que puedan maximizar los beneficios de TE en pacientes con DMF. (AU)

Introduction: Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a type of neuropathic pain that affects the territory of an amputated limb or other surgically removed body parts. Between 60% and 90% of amputees suffer from PLP during follow-up. There are a range of therapeutic options for PLP, both pharmacological (gabapentin, amitriptyline, tricyclic antidepressants, etc) and non-pharmacological (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, hypnosis, acupuncture, etc). A widely accepted hypothesis considers PLP to be the consequence of postamputation cortical reorganisation. New treatment approaches, such as mirror therapy (MT), have been developed as a result of Ramachandran's groundbreaking research in the 1990s. This review analyses the current evidence on the efficacy of MT for treating PLP.DevelopmentWe performed a literature review of publications registered from 2012 to 2017 on the CINAHL, Cochrane, Scopus, and PubMed (including Medline) databases Using the descriptors “phantom limb‿ and “mirror therapy.‿ We identified 115 publications addressing MT in PLP. Of these, 17 (15%) contributed useful information for pooled analysis.ConclusionsMT seems to be effective in relieving PLP, reducing the intensity and duration of daily pain episodes. It is a valid, simple, and inexpensive treatment for PLP. The methodological quality of most publications in this field is very limited, highlighting the need for additional, high-quality studies to develop clinical protocols that could maximise the benefits of MT for patients with PLP. (AU)

Effectiveness of mirror therapy in phantom limb pain: A literature review. / Efectividad de la terapia de espejo en el dolor del miembro fantasma. Una revisión actual de la literatura.

INTRODUCTION: Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a type of neuropathic pain that affects the territory of an amputated limb or other surgically removed body parts. Between 60% and 90% of amputees suffer from PLP during follow-up. There are a range of therapeutic options for PLP, both pharmacological (gabapentin, amitriptyline, tricyclic antidepressants, etc) and non-pharmacological (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, hypnosis, acupuncture, etc). A widely accepted hypothesis considers PLP to be the consequence of postamputation cortical reorganisation. New treatment approaches, such as mirror therapy (MT), have been developed as a result of Ramachandran's groundbreaking research in the 1990s. This review analyses the current evidence on the efficacy of MT for treating PLP. DEVELOPMENT: We performed a literature review of publications registered from 2012 to 2017 on the CINAHL, Cochrane, Scopus, and PubMed (including Medline) databases Using the descriptors "phantom limb‿ and "mirror therapy.‿ We identified 115 publications addressing MT in PLP. Of these, 17 (15%) contributed useful information for pooled analysis. CONCLUSIONS: MT seems to be effective in relieving PLP, reducing the intensity and duration of daily pain episodes. It is a valid, simple, and inexpensive treatment for PLP. The methodological quality of most publications in this field is very limited, highlighting the need for additional, high-quality studies to develop clinical protocols that could maximise the benefits of MT for patients with PLP.